Biology

Classes

clade1: specimens
clade2: species

grute2: clade2

A clade is a monophyletic rooted tree; the root is known as the most recent common ancestor. Note that not all collections of animals or plants form clades, and also note that horizontal gene transfer does not invalidate membership within a clade.

Some non-animal non-plants, particularly viruses and bacteria, can also form clades.

Issues

It's not clear whether cladistics are required relationally. In terms of implication, {tricu} is a subrelation of {spati} but trees don't form a clade. Also, e.g. {ckunu} is arguably a subrelation of {tricu}, depending on whether all conifers are trees; all conifers are woody, which may suffice.

Animals

Animal clades are nested according to the za'a diagram.

Fungi

  • clika: moss
  • gumri [archaic]: mushroom
  • mledi: mold, fungus, mushroom, truffle

For archaic words, see here.

Plants

Species

Clades

  • bambu: [exp] bamboo, Bambuseae
  • cindu: oak
  • ckunu: conifer, pine, fir
  • lelxe: [exp] lily, Lilium
  • marna: Cannabis
  • nimre: Citrus
  • poplu: [exp] poplar, aspen, cottonwood, Populus
  • rozgu: rose
  • sluni: onions, scallions, Allium
  • srasu: grasses
  • tujli: tulip
  • xruba: buckwheat, rhubarb, sorrel grass, Polygonaceae

Non-cladistic Families

  • kobli: lettuce, cabbage
  • latna: lotus
  • palma: [exp] palm tree, Palmae, Arecaceae

Fruits

  • badna: banana, plantain
  • figre: fig
  • guzme: melon, squash
  • perli: pear
  • plise: apple
  • smela: [exp] plum, peach, cherry, apricot, almond, sloe, Prunus
  • tamca: tomato

Leaves

  • tanko: tobacco

Roots/Bulbs

  • patlu: potato
  • samcu: cassava, taro, manioc, tapioca, yam
  • sunga: garlic

Seeds/Grains

  • bavmi: barley
  • cunmi: millet
  • mavji: oats
  • maxri: wheat
  • mraji: rye
  • rismi: rice
  • sodbe: soya
  • sorgu: sorghum
  • zumri: maize, corn

  • grute: fruit

  • tsiju: seed

  • dembi: seeds of bean, pea, legume

  • pezli: leaf

  • xrula: flower, blossom, bloom

  • narge: nut

  • genja: root

  • tricu: tree

  • jbari: berry

  • fusra: rot, decay, fermentation

  • birje: beer, ale

  • jikru: liquor, spirits

  • vanju: wine

  • xalka: alcohol

  • cakla: chocolate, cocoa

  • ckafi: brewed coffee

  • tcati: brewed tea

  • stagi: edible plant, vegetable

  • korki: cork, harvested tree bark

  • gurni: grain, cereal

  • mudri: wood, lumber

  • jalna: starch

  • fibra: [exp] fiber

Issues

{kobli} refers to both lettuce (Lactuca, milky sweet, also asparagus and chickory) and cabbage (Brassica, alkaline savory, also broccoli and many more). This is probably a mistake; the gloss conflates them as "leafy vegetables" despite many cultivars (asparagus, broccolini, etc.) which are not especially leafy. Similar issues plague {guzme}.

{latna} refers to Lotus, Nymphaea, and Nelumbo. Probably Nymphaea, because the definition emphasizes religious use within particular cultures. This is curious because {marna} doesn't have the same places, and only refers to Cannabis specifically.

Some cultures pair roses and lilies symbolically. For that reason, {lelxe} was proposed to complement {rozgu}. I have nothing against this one, and am tempted to include it as a nod to la lelxe.

{smela} is the sort of gismu that I want to fix while it's still experimental. Right now it refers exclusively to the fruits of Prunus, rather than the trees; it should be more flexible, like {nimre}. {plise} and {perli} are similarly weird and possibly worth fixing. However, it might not be feasible to fix them and instead we will need a class for fruiting plants.

What is {jbari}? Are all {guzme} also {jbari}?

It is not clear whether {gurni} refers to processed products only. Presumably the unprocessed kernels are {tsiju} instead.